America is a continent situated between two oceans , the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east . American continent , before the arrival of the West , has been inhabited by Indian tribes which are thought to originate from Asia . There are many versions about the origin of the Indians in America , for example :
a. Muhammad Yamin in his book History of America said that the Indians came from Asia , came to America in the third wave of the Neolithic era . The first wave is the movement of the Mongols from East Asia to North America through the Bering Strait , approximately 13,000 years ago . The second wave of Austronesian peoples from west to east through the Pacific Ocean and reached South America . The third wave of migration of Austronesian sailors by ocean currents moving from New Zealand and East Asia is moving towards South America . The combination between the Mongols and the Austronesian spawned the Indians in America .
b . According to another version , approximately 20,000 to 50,000 years ago the people of Siberia in Russia Amurian crossing through the Bering Strait to the continent America. Then followed by the Mongols early 1st century AD , from mixing the two peoples , born American Indians Nation( Amerind ) are spread throughout the American continent from north to south , they live by hunting , catch fish , gather food and wild fruits .
Indian nations are growing in America consists of various tribes . Among the Indian tribes , there are familiar civilization and high culture , such as the Maya and Aztec in Mexico and the Incas in Peru .
a. Aztec culture
Nahua tribes , who last arrived in the Mexican highlands , inherited the vast groves of culture in the area . One tribe was among the Mexica - Aztec or Aztec . At first, the Aztecs are the tribes who first fought on the outskirts of the region . During their wanderings as an outside - line group , the Aztecs sometimes decline to dress the leaves and eat insects . In about 1325 AD the Aztecs to place which is now the city of Mexico . At that time the place was cluster marshy lakes and small islands .
On an island in a lake Tecoco , the Aztecs gained some sort of divine being having been seen an eagle with a snake in its mouth , which was perched on a cactus on . Because it considers it a sign as occult , the clergy pledged that the islands have been to the Aztecs by their gods . There they built the city of Tenochtitlan . They are expanding the city by making rafts made of woven twigs and wicker fill soil and plants . In the area of the lake is they develop agriculture that is primitive . Tenocthitlan city founded by the Aztecs later developed into the center of ritual activity . Cult of many pyramid-shaped building is established .
Aztec nation is a nation that likes to fight , for they are part of the culture war itself and part of the belief system . Aztecs worshiped many gods , or polytheism . They worship the sun god is Huitzilochti . They believe that the sun is the source of life and needs to be maintained , in order to continue to circulate in its orbit and spin rising and sinking . It required lubricant is pure human blood . They believe that human sacrifice was a sacred task and must be done in order to keep the sun god gives prosperity for mankind . Sacrifice on the altar of the peak of the pyramid is done by taking the victim's heart for pastors . Human sacrifice was also performed en masse by killing many people .
Three hypotheses were conducted by the anthropologist about the reason for human sacrifice in addition to the reason for the sacrifice of god , namely :
1 . The sacrifice is done to reduce the number of people , especially since the number of prisoners increased rapidly compared with the number of births .
2 . To provide to the people who sacrificed bodies as a source of protein and vitamins . This hypothesis spirit weak , because the Aztecs produce corn , beans , and maintain both dogs , chickens and turkeys .
3 . Opinions more rational is to frighten dissidents and rebels , so they do not take the fight against the ruling monarch . The widely used as a prisoner of war casualties and huge amounts to the sun , the people who also are innocent fault also be subjected to a victim as one of the generals leading the war , the corrupt , the judge made the wrong decision , and state officials who do wrong , including those who entered the forbidden area of the royal palace .
In the book State and Nation ( 1990:208 ) , stated that Huzlopochtli , in particular , so greedy so the special ceremony thousands of humans were sacrificed as offerings to him in one day alone . Monte Zuma II never sacrifice the victim in a 5100 memorial throne . At the time of the ruling Ahuitzolt the 15th century , at least 20,000 human souls be sacrificed in the ceremony . Potential victims were herded to the top of the pyramid where the pastor competing for their share of each heart and cut the victim with a knife rocks glass , then present warm and still bloodstained stone altar to the god . For the mass of such offerings , the Aztecs can not rely on volunteers and therefore they often send a group of fighters into the area arresting his allies for potential victims .
In the heyday of Aztec power , Tenochittlan is the center of a bloody ritual that became increasingly become . Various sacramental feast and other rituals , creating a life overshadowed by the symbol of death . For the Aztecs , human blood is a part of the ceremony to prevent the destruction of the world , which according to them is characterized by the disappearance of the sun . Sacrifice for the Aztecs is not a terrible thing , so does the potential victims . According to their beliefs , death in the hands of the priests was an honor . The victim was sacrificed to the gods by splitting the chest and take the heart , so as not to get angry and hungry and bring natural disasters . This belief affects opini of Aztecs . Since childhood they have been trained to be ready to serve when they victim ritual sacrifice in battle . Die as a sacrifice for their ceremony meant contributed liver and blood to be offered to the sun god , and thus participate in the strengthening sun everyday battle against the dark ( night ) so that they become an important part of the sun .
Woke up the Aztecs have art or architecture that is very high . When the Spaniards came to town Tenocl ( Mexico City ) they watched the progress of this nation . Here are the buildings like aquadec or other buildings, where the highway leading to the town , wide streets and canals which passes through the town and the bridge above it . These buildings using high technology in its time . In the city center built large temples as offerings to the sun god . The 30 -meter high building , consists of three levels , each level has 120 steps. In awakening the streets and canals are wide to facilitate the movement of persons and merchandise . In the trading activity of their trade in ducks , chickens , turkeys , rabbits , and deer .
Relatively simple architecture of the Aztecs , is more concerned with function than outward beauty . In the mountains , the Aztecs made of sun-dried bricks , concrete blocks similar to what we know in Indonesia . In the lowlands , their walled homes twigs or stems of rice were plastered with clay and thatched roof . As with addition to the main residence , they generally have other buildings such as storage place where the whole family and a steam bath . Aztec rich people have a house of brick or stone built around a Patio , the wide open space in the middle of the house .
Aztec temples and other buildings with a statue decoration is one of the most beautiful works in America . But few works of architecture Aztec relics can still be found . The Spanish , who are Christians , have destroyed all the temples and religious heritage of the Aztec people . They even have destroyed the old town Tenochitlan .
Processed agricultural products in the fields of agriculture is avocado , red beans and corn , they also make a craft of gold and silver jewelry . Of trading activity and the type of merchandise bought and sold and built facilities which experts concluded that the Aztecs have a level of high culture and civilization . This civilization collapsed because of the conquest by the Spaniards under the command of Hernando Cortez in 1521 .
b . Maya culture
The Maya inhabited areas of southern Mexico and parts of Central America other . Cultural center located on the Yucatan Peninsula . The city is estimated at the beginning of the 3rd century in the dense forests of Guatemala and the last one was probably built in the 10th century and the 11th century on a plateau in the northern Yucatan . These cities are relics of the Mayan people who have a high level of culture with the most diverse architectural records and the most advanced . The Mayan culture evolved from the 1st century BC until the onset AD fragments .
Mayan culture centered on agrarian life . They grow corn , pepper and fruits . They raise turkeys and dogs as well as fishing along the coast . They also spin cotton and sell it to other places . Thus , it can be concluded that the Maya people trading activities other than farming . They bring their goods directly to buyers who are very far away in Central America .
Social organization by Mayan tribes was marked by the reign of the rich elite , who also did the trade , the elite also serves as a leader in the rituals of their faith. They also belonged to the educated who have the privilege to study science . Beyond that group , there are the farmers and slaves who had by other groups . The Mayans have had a writing system similar to Hierogliyph . This paper is used to record important events . Writing that they develop a history function as registrar of births, marriages , and deaths Maya kings .
With the development of writing , science is growing , this nation has been acquainted with the calendar year, totaling 18 months of 20 days each month , and there is one month amounted to 5 days . So there are 365 days per year . They also have developed mathematics . Furthermore , astronomy is one of the sciences that they develop .
The ancient Maya to build a monument and founded the city of magnificent stone to the gods . There are at least 80 important heritage sites Maya people were scattered in Central America . Some temples website plays over 60 yards .
Mayan culture to flourish , especially in Guatemala and Yucatan . However , culture is influenced strongly Teotihuakan culture of central Mexico . As one of the largest cities in the world , during its peak Teotihuakan city inhabited by about 100,000 people living in the Adobe or the homes of crude brick and worshiped gods in the great pyramid of stone which still are found near the city of Mexico . From the 4th century to the 8th century to spread its influence in Central America . The architects and builders imitate the pattern of buildings and decorative patterns . Even after Toetihuakan fall into the hands of people who are not civilized in the year 700 , his authority was still alive .
Most of the buildings that numbered more than 200 in Kaminaluyu as a relic of ancient Mayan tribe in South west of Guatemala City that was built at that time . The biggest of which is a stone pyramid whose height is more than 26 meters with two- chamber tomb in it . King 's body laid on a wooden platform in the center of one of the tomb chamber . The corpse is surrounded by bodies other alleged bodies of people who sacrificed to escort the king to travel to other worlds . In this room are also found ornaments of precious stones , bones and shells , as well as glassware furious that shows the cultural richness .
Uaxactun ruins are relics in the central part of the Maya area a younger age . One of the buildings that form the court of the former temple foot stepped pyramid spikes with ornate facade . The building was founded around the year 250 AD . Such relics are found also in the northern part of the Maya area .
In the Classical era , the 300-500 , ethnic cultural Maya in areas experiencing heyday . The architecture was developed with the improvement of the quality of the building . One of the characteristics is the development of stone buildings , mostly sacred buildings like temples or monasteries . Temple at Tikal which reaches approximately 888 meters is the highest temple . Convent of the Maya culture sometimes includes a very wide area so as to resemble the city , more suited called religious ceremonial center was held . However, between the years 800 to 950 , the center of religious one by one forgotten and abandoned people . Mayan collapse due to the conquest of Hernando Cortez troops in 1521 .
c . Inca culture
Inca is a clan group that initially inhabited the Peruvian . According to legend , the origin of the Inca tribe originated from a group of children of the sun god , who comes from a cave in the southeast city of Cuzco . Inca Cuzco area has been inhabited since about 1200 . but since the conquest by Panchacuti power in 1438 , the Incas began to expand its territory by conquering the surrounding areas . Eventually they form a large and extensive territory stretching from Quito in the north to the central part of Chile . Inca language Tabuantisuyu calls his territory , meaning the area covering four regions . The name indicates that the entire territory of the Inca nation divided into four geographical , which are divided into more than 80 provinces . Highest authority in the hands of a leader who was regarded as the representative of the sun god .
Inca culture developed along parts of the western United States , especially Peru . Archaeological evidence of the existence of the Inca culture , which is derived from Killke phase (1200-1380) , found in the area around Cuzco in the southern highlands of Peru . Based on the results of the evacuation of sistus - site in the area indicated that the Inca when it is only a small area .
As with other American tribes , the Incas had a military character so expansionist empire done by war . Since power is held by Pachacuti who reigned from 1438 1471 , Inca expand his territory by conquering the surrounding areas . During the reign of Topa Inca Pachacuti lieu , expanded Inca territory conquer areas of southern Peru Beach , South Bolivia . , Argentina northwest , and Chile . Substitute Topa Inca Huayna Capac was who ruled from 1493 to 1525 AD Huayna Capac after Death , a power struggle between Huascar and Attahualpa .
Inca livelihood from agricultural or farm life . Since 6001000 AD , the Incas had been developed in the field of agriculture . They create a terracing system to withstand flooding . To cultivate the land , they use a plow made of bronze . Stout plants grown by the Inca society is nuts , corn , pepper , tomatoes , and potatoes . Agricultural output is used for consumption farmers supply, also to feed an army in large, bureaucratic groups and thousands of factory workers . Drinks are typical of the Incas Chica is a kind of beer made from corn .
Inca nation is a nation that is national . The use of the national language implemented by the king to the people. At the time of Topa Inca , Quechua language as the lingua franca set across the region Tahuanntinsuyu .
Incas had ordered society organizations . As the basic unit or the bottom of the Inca society is Ayllu , the family that is based endogama male lineage . Ayllu group that bersal from one region then form larger groups called me . Each region ( province ) usually consists of two or three administrative regions ( Waman ) . Supreme power is in the hands of government consists Inca emperor who claimed to be descendants of the sun god . Hence the title of the Inca used called Intip Cori ( whose Son of the Sun God ) . Underneath is called apo officials as rulers of each region part ( region 4 ) . Under no apo tokrikoq who became the ruler of each province .
Incas have advanced science and evolving . Although science can not thrive in Inca outperform the development of the science in the Aztec and Maya . In the field of Mathematics and Astronomy of the Incas can not surpass progress in Aztec and Maya .
Incas had a rapid development in the field of art , especially the art of waking up . Such as in the manufacture of textiles and ceramics , building fortifications , and roads are wide . The progress of this art can not be separated from the government manage the public upon ability .
In the social field , the king very attention in terms of marriage . Men or women who are grown and have not had another couple chosen others as a companion . Then they were mated in a public ceremony .
In the field of religion , the Incas believed the sun god . Their kings are believed to have ties genealogical descent or origin of the sun god . The sun god was very big influence in Inca society and even the Inca society there is a belief that the sun god that the lower the Inca royal family . Therefore , any king who is ruling the same seen with the sun god . It is not known with certainty , whether the Incas also perform human sacrifice like the Aztecs .
In addition to worship the sun , the Inca people also worship the spirits of the ancestors . The cult was carried out with an exceedingly great ceremony . In Kuzko they store in the parcel fabric mummy , mummy supposedly it is the king who ruled at the time of Manko ax ( the first Inca ) . The mummy was placed in a magnificent house , such as castles , if they were still alive in turn issued to witness the ceremony . Members of the royal family are less important , the high nobility and the people are able to preserve his family 's body .
Belief in god does not play a role in Inca covering the entire life of the Inca empire but has a solid religious institutions as part of the government and under the rule .
Inca cultural development is so high that eventually destroyed. Incan conquest forces collapse because Francisco Pizarro in 1533 .
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